Abstract: The book Ethnology, which was translated by Lin Shu and Wei Yi, marked the beginning of the introduction of Western ethnology into China. It is of significance both for the study of Chinese ethnology history and Lin Shu’s translation, however, Lin Shu’s translation of this work is yet to be explored. This paper firstly explores Lin Shu’s motivations and the generation of the translation, and then analyzes the translation of Ethnology from the aspects of content rewriting, terminology translation and linguistic features. Finally, it discusses the contributions and limitations of Lin Shu’s translation of this work. This study reveals Lin Shu’s veiled identity as a “pioneering translator of Western ethnology” and highlights the contribution and influence of translation on Chinese ethnology.