英语名-动转类轨迹的实证研究

An Empirical Approach to the Track of English Noun-Verb Conversions

  • 摘要: 转类作为词类表征手段,是英语中一种特殊而又普遍的现象。然而,以往的研究极少涉及转向轨迹的实证研究。为此,文章通过词典和英语语料库对最典型的英语转类名-动转类进行考察,结果发现:1)从权威英美词典角度看,名动转类占绝对优势地位;2)从共时角度看,与系统中名-动分布不同,转动比转名多10-16%,出现的文体也有所差异;3)从历时角度看,与系统中名-动走向不同,近200年来,转名呈递减态势而转动则呈增长态势;4)从语法形态角度看,转名多为单数名词,转动则多为过去时和进行时;5)从本族语国别角度看,美国的转动最多;6)从习得角度看,中国大学生特别是985高校的转名远多于转动。以上之理据可能在于名-动基石和名-动互含,同时转类不仅呈现词汇范畴跨类,且表达力强,适合文体或语体转换,而且经济省力,能很好满足认知突显。

     

    Abstract: Conversion, as part of speech representation, is a special and common phenomenon in English. However, previous studies rarely touch on empirical researches on the track of lexical conversion. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine the most typical English noun-verb conversions via a survey of dictionaries and English corpora, finding that:1) from the perspective of authoritative English-American dictionaries, the noun-verb conversion occupies an absolute dominant position; 2) synchronically, different from the noun-verb distribution in the language system, converted verbs account for 10-16% more than the nouns, and the styles in which they appear seem to be the same; 3) diachronically, distinct from the noun-verb distribution trend in the system, the frequency of converted nouns has decreased while that of converted verbs increased in the past 200 years; 4) grammatically, all converted nouns are mostly singular while most converted verbs are in past and progressive tenses; 5) as for native speaking countries of English, the United States scores the largest number of converted verbs; 6) as to the acquisition, Chinese college students, especially those from 985 key universities, use far more converted nouns than verbs. The motivations for the above may lie in the noun-verb cornerstone and their inclusion. Such conversion indicates not only cross-category performance and transformation, but also strong expressivity and suitability for the change of styles or verbal variety. Moreover, it is economical and satisfies human cognitive profiles.

     

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