英汉名动范畴边界渗透的类型学考察

A Typological Approach to Boundary Permeability of Noun and Verb Categories in English and Chinese

  • 摘要: 英汉语的动名兼类现象是长期困扰语言学界的难点问题。近十多年来,有学者提出“英语名动分立,汉语名动包含”的假设,动名兼类问题更是成为学界的焦点。本文基于从语料库获得的频率词表,借助语言类型学领域的“边界渗透性”概念,考察并对比英汉名动范畴边界渗透现象。研究表明,就考察的两万高频词而言,英汉两种语言的动名兼类词占比以及名动范畴边界渗透率都比较高,且较为接近,这表明两种语言在词类方面都属柔性边界语言,词类灵活性较高,研究发现并不支持“英语名动分立,汉语名动包含”的假设。英汉语同属词类柔性边界语言,这是因其在屈折形态方面的共性所致。从语言类型角度来说,英语在名动词类边界上接近于以汉语为代表的孤立语。

     

    Abstract: Verb/noun heterosemy in English and Chinese is a complicated issue that has perplexed linguists for a long time and it has become a hot topic for debate particularly in the past decade due to the popularity of the hypothesis that "in English verbs and nouns are discrete categories while in Chinese verbs are a subtype of noun category".Based on the frequency wordlists generated from corpora and the introduction of "boundary permeability", a parameter for linguistic typology, this paper provides a contrastive study of the noun-verb boundary crossing in English and Chinese.The results show that as far as the examined 20, 000 high-frequency words are concerned, the percentages of verb/noun heterosemous words in both English and Chinese are relatively high and close to each other, which is the same as the boundary permeability of noun and verb categories, indicating that both English and Chinese are "soft-boundary languages", with a high degree of word class flexibility.Thus, the finding does not support the abovementioned hypothesis.It is argued that inflectional morphology plays a pivotal role in bringing about the similarities between the noun-verb boundaries of the two languages.Typologically speaking, English has soft noun-verb boundary, which is close to isolating languages represented by Chinese.

     

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