“给VP”意外的产生条件及产生机制

Generative Conditions and Mechanism of “Gei(give)+VP” Mirativity

  • 摘要: 意外是人类语言的一个普遍范畴,但我们对意外产生的了解并不多。通过分析“给VP”的语法语义结构,本文发现:1)和典型意外一样,“给VP”意外的产生也需要满足现实性、预期、概率三个条件。和典型意外不同,“给VP”预期是确定的,通常只包含A(让······受益)、B(允许······得到并处置)两类预期;而且“给VP”意外有明显的倾向性,受损事件往往令人意外、受益事件不令人意外。2)“给VP”意外是语义、语法、语用共同作用的结果。语义上的跷跷板效应,为“给予”向“允许”“为”“把”“被”及意外的发展创造了条件;句法上的NP缺省机制,降低了谓词的准入限制,促进了“给VP”意外的第一次大发展;语用上的说话人调节机制,突破了谓词的表意限制,让受益、受损谓词可以自由产生意外的理解,促成了“给VP”意外的第二次大发展。3)至于“给”的作用,并非如以往所说,是加强对动词或句子的影响,而是加强了对说话人的影响。

     

    Abstract: The mirativity is a universal category in human language, but so far we have little knowledge on the generative mechanism of mirativity. By analyzing the structure of “gei(give)+VP” , this paper finds that: 1) Like the ordinary mirativity, the “gei(give)+VP” mirativity also needs to meet the three generative conditions of realis, expectation and probability. Different from the ordinary mirativity, the “gei(give)+VP” expectation is certain and only includes type-A expectation (to make…benefit) and type-B expectation (to allow... get and handle); and the “gei(give)+VP” has more obvious mirativity tendency when the VP is not a benefit event but a damaged event. 2) The generation of “gei(give)+VP” mirativity is the result of combined effect of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic mechanisms. Semantically, the Seesaw Effect creates conditions for the development of “gei(give)” to “yunxu(allow)”,“wei(for)”,“ba(handle)”, “bei(passive)”, and mirativity meanings; syntactically, the default mechanism of NP reduces the access constraint of predicates and promotes the first big development of “gei(give)+VP” mirativity; pragmatically, the modulation mechanism of speaker breaks through the semantic constraints of predicates, which allows beneficiary and damaged predicates can freely generate unexpected understandings, and contributes to the second major development of “gei(give)+VP” mirativity. 3) As for the function of “gei(give)”, it is not to heighten the effect on the verb or sentence, as previous studies claimed, but rather to heighten the effect on the speaker.

     

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