重逢程式问候语“久违”的语用化及相关现象

The Pragmaticalization of "Jiǔwéi" as a Reunion Formulaic Greeting and Related Phenomena

  • 摘要: 在古代汉语中,“久违”的分布比较复杂。在话语分布方面,当它独用或叠用构成重逢问候语时,常用于发起话轮,跟反射型回应语“彼此彼此”、语用否定型回应语“岂敢(岂敢)”、问候语 “一向(一向)”“幸会(幸会)”等构成会话邻对。在句法分布方面,它可带长时义状语或高程度义补语、可用于正反并置连谓句,还可叠用。这些句法分布特征是“久违”在语用化过程中因意义磨损而经历形式更新的体现。其意义磨损是由高频使用引发的,其形式更新则源自提高抒情真诚性以加强问候语力的需要。“久违”小句向程式问候语“久违”的语用化,表现在小句句法形式蜕化、独立成句倾向明显等方面。

     

    Abstract: In Classical Chinese, the distribution of jiǔwéi (久违,‘long time no see’) as a formulaic greeting is relatively complex. In terms of discourse distribution, when used independently or iteratively to form a greeting used in reunion situations, it commonly initiates a turn, forming an adjacency pair with reflective responses such as bǐcǐ bǐcǐ (彼此彼此, ‘likewise’), pragmatically negative responses like qǐgǎn (qǐgǎn) (岂敢(岂敢), ‘how dare I?/ I don't deserve your missing.’), and other greetings including yīxiàng (yīxiàng) (一向一向, ‘recently’) and xìnghuì (xìnghuì) (幸会幸会, ‘it is my honor to meet you’). Regarding syntactic distribution, it can combine with long-time adverbials or high-degree complements, may appear in a serial verb construction with the semantic structure X+ \neg X, and can also be used iteratively. These syntactic features arise from the need to enhance expressive sincerity and strengthen the illocutionary force of greeting in response to meaning bleaching caused by frequent usage, representing a phenomenon of form renovation in its process of pragmaticalization. The pragmaticalization of the clause predicating jiǔwéi into the formulaic greeting jiǔwéi manifests in the degeneration of clausal syntactic form and a marked change tendency toward one-word sentence, among other aspects.

     

/

返回文章
返回