摘要: 本文通过对语义理论发展脉络的梳理指出,传统的语义理论大多是基于哲学思辨、逻辑分析、语用推理或基于对语言现象的内省、概括和推衍,有些解释尚未得到神经科学的验证,尤其是抽象概念的具身表征一直未得到科学的解释。具身语义学是神经科学与语义学融合产生的新的语义研究范式。本文将具身语义学分为两个发展阶段:基于外感受的阶段和基于内感受的阶段,并指出基于外感受和"以脑为中心"的具身语义学只能解释具体概念的具身性,却无法完全解释抽象词义的具身性。结合内感受神经科学的相关理论和证据,本文提出抽象概念的具身表征部分来自身体的内感受系统。最后,本文从通道性、具身性、稳定性、经验性、哲学基础和研究方法论等维度比较了不同语义理论的特点,指出神经科学的发展将更新传统的认知观、具身心智观和语义观。今后的语义理论研究不仅需要整合哲学、社会学、人类学、语言学等的相关研究,还需融合神经科学的维度,才能建构更加科学、系统、全面的语义理论。
中图分类号:
[1] Arbib, M.A.From monkey-like action recognition to human language:An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2005,28(2):105-124. [2] Aziz-Zadeh, L.Embodied semantics for language related to actions:A review of fMRI and neuropsychological research[C]//Coello, Y.& A.Bartolo.Language and Action in Cognitive Neuroscience.London and New York:Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.273-283. [3] Aziz-Zadeh, L.& A.Damasio.Embodied semantics for actions:Findings from functional brain imaging[J].Journal of Physiology-Paris, 2008, 102(1-3):35-39. [4] Aziz-Zadeh, L., Wilson, S.M., Rizzolatti, G.& M.Iacoboni.Congruent embodied representations for visually presented actions and linguistic phrases describing actions[J].Current Biology, 2006, 16(18):1818-1823. [5] Barrett, L.F.How Emotions are Made:The Secret Life of the Brain[M].Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017. [6] Barrett, L.F.& W.K.Simmons.Interoceptive predictions in the brain[J].Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2015, 16(7):419-429. [7] Barsalou, L.W.Perceptual symbol systems[J].Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1999, 22(4):577-660. [8] Barsalou, L.W., Simmons, W.K., Barbey, A.K.& C.D.Wilson.Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality-specific systems[J].Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2003, 7(2):84-91. [9] Cameron, O.G.Visceral Sensory Neuroscience:Interoception[M].New York:Oxford University Press, 2001. [10] Boulenger, V., Hauk, O.& F.Pulvermüller.Grasping ideas with the motor system:Semantic somatotopy in idiom comprehension[J].Cerebral Cortex, 2009, 19(8):1905-1914. [11] Brown, T.L.Making Truth:Metaphor in Science[M].Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press, 2003. [12] Craig, A.D.How do you Feel?:An Interoceptive Moment with your Neurobiological Self[M].Princeton and Oxford:Princeton University Press, 2015. [13] Critchley, H.D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., Öhman, A.& R.J.Dolan.Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness[J].Nature Neuroscience, 2004, 7(2):189-195. [14] Damasio, A.The Strange Order of Things:Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures[M].New York:Pantheon Books, 2018. [15] Damasio, A.The brain binds entities and events by multiregional activation from convergence zones[J].Neural Computation, 1989, 1(1):123-132. [16] Desai, R.H., Binder, J.R., Conant, L.L., Mano, Q.R.& M.S.Seidenberg.The neural career of sensory-motor metaphors[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2011, 23(9):2376-2386. [17] Gallese, V.& G.Lakoff.The brain's concepts:The role of the sensory-motor system in conceptual knowledge[J].Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2005, 22(3-4):455-479. [18] Gärdenfors, P.Does semantics need reality?[C]//Riegler, A., Peschl, M.& A.von Stein.Understanding Representation in the Cognitive Sciences.Boston, MA:Springer, 1999.209-217. [19] Gelman, S.A.The Essential Child:Origins of Essentialism in Everyday Thought[M].New York:Oxford University Press, 2003. [20] Gibbs, R.W.Metaphor interpretation as embodied simulation[J].Mind & Language, 2006, 21(3):434-458. [21] Glenberg, A.M., Sato,M., Cattaneo, L., Riggio, L., Palumbo, D.& G.Buccino.Processing abstract language modulates motor system activity[J].The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2008, 61(6):905-919. [22] Hauk, O.& F.Pulvermüller.Neurophysiological distinction of action words in the fronto-central cortex[J].Human Brain Mapping, 2004, 21(3):191-201. [23] Hauk, O., Johnsrude, I.& F.Pulvermüller.Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex[J].Neuron, 2004, 41(2):301-307. [24] Iacoboni, M.Mirroring People:The Science of Empathy and How We Connect with Others[M].New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux-Picador, 2009. [25] Khalsa, S.S., Adolphs, R., Cameron, O.G., Critchley, H.D., Davenport, P.W., Feinstein, J.S.& A.E.Meuret.Interoception and mental health:A roadmap[J].Biological Psychiatry:Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2018, 3(6):501-513. [26] Kousta, S.T., Vigliocco, G., Vinson, D.P., Andrews, M.& E.Del Campo.The representation of abstract words:Why emotion matters[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 2011, 140(1):14-34. [27] Kövecses, Z.Emotion Concepts[M].New York:Springer-Verlag, 1990. [28] Kövecses, Z.Metaphor and Emotion:Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2000. [29] Lakoff, G.& M.Johnson.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago, IL:University of Chicago, 1980. [30] Lakoff, G.The neural theory of metaphor[C]//Gibbs, R.W.The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought.Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo:Cambridge University Press, 2008.17-38. [31] Lakoff, G.& M.Johnson.Philosophy in the Flesh:The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought[M].New York:Basic Books, 1999. [32] Lakoff, G.& R.Núñez.Where Mathematics Comes from[M].New York:Basic Books, 2000. [33] Lakoff, G.Mapping the brain's metaphor circuitry:Metaphorical thought in everyday reason[J].Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2014, 8(958):1-14. [34] Lakoff, G.Language and emotion[J].Emotion Review, 2016, 8(3):269-273. [35] Mahler, K.Interoception:The Eighth Sensory System[M].Lenexa:AAPC Publishing, 2017. [36] Meteyard, L., Cuadrado, S.R., Bahrami, B.& G.Vigliocco.Coming of age:A review of embodiment and the neuroscience of semantics[J].Cortex, 2012, 48(7):788-804. [37] Mlodinow, L.Subliminal:How Your Unconscious Mind Rules Your Behavior[M].New York:Vintage, 2013. [38] Myers, D.Psychology (4th edition)[M].New York:Worth Publishers, 1995. [39] Narayanan, S.Knowledge-based action representations for metaphor and aspect (KARMA)[D].Computer Science Division.Ph.D.thesis, University of California at Berkeley, 1997. [40] Pulvermüller, F., Shtyrov, Y.& R.Ilmoniemi.Brain signatures of meaning access in action word recognition[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2005, 17(6):884-892. [41] Rizzolatti, G.& L.Craighero.The mirror-neuron system[J].Annual Review Neuroscience, 2004, 27:169-192. [42] Russell, B.The Philosophy of Logical Atomism[M].Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2009. [43] Sherrington, C.S.The Integrative Action of the Nervous System[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1948. [44] Tettamanti, M., Buccino, G., Saccuman, M.C., Gallese, V., Danna, M., Scifo, P.& D.Perani.Listening to action-related sentences activates fronto-parietal motor circuits[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2005, 17(2):273-281. [45] Vigliocco, G., Kousta, S.T., Della Rosa, P.A., Vinson, D.P., Tettamanti, M., Devlin, J.T.& S.F.Cappa.The neural representation of abstract words:The role of emotion[J].Cerebral Cortex, 2014, 24(7):1767-1777. [46] Wittgenstein, L.Tractatus Logico Philosophicus[M].New York:Simon and Schuster, 2012. [47] 陈波, 江怡.分析哲学——回顾与反省[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2018. [48] 徐盛桓.镜像神经元与身体-情感转喻解读[J].外语教学与研究, 2016, 48(1):3-16. |
[1] | 程琪龙. 语言研究的超学科意识[J]. 外国语, 2020, 43(2): 52-60. |
[2] | 孙崇飞. 再论隐喻释义及其释义模式——认知神经科学视阈下隐喻释义模式的建构[J]. 外国语, 2016, 39(6): 46-56. |
[3] | 周频. 认知神经语言学方法论模型的建构[J]. 外国语, 2016, 39(2): 39-47. |
|