- 全国中文核心期刊
- 中国人文社会科学核心期刊
- 中文社会科学引文索引（CSSCI）来源期刊
- 国家社会科学基金学术期刊资助入选期刊
| Citation: |
LI Kesheng. On “Higher-than-expectation” Interpretation of Dou and Shenzhi[J]. Journal of Foreign Languages, 2024, 47(4): 39-49.
|
In current literature, one of the well-accepted interpretations of Dou is the even-like interpretation which in essence is the higher-than-expectation (HTE) interpretation. However, there are two problems to be solved. Firstly, the even-like dou can be used in the context in which there is seemingly no HTE; secondly, dou can be used in concordance with shenzhi (a Chinese counterpart of even). If both of them have the same HTE, it will be redundant. Based on the analysis of the alternative semantics, the paper proposes that there are three types of HTE: focused HTE, relevant HTE and compound HTE. It is the ignorance of the different types of HTE that leads to the first problem. Additionally, the paper argues that the HTE triggered by dou is a kind of implicature while that triggered by shenzhi is a kind of presupposition, and that the focus structure of dou is different from that of shenzhi. Therefore, the concordance of dou and shenzhi results in a complicated semantic relationship.
| [1] |
Atlas, J. D. Presupposition[C]//Horn, L. R. & G. Ward. The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2004.
|
| [2] |
Chierchia, G. Logic in Grammar: Polarity, Free Choice, and Intervention[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
|
| [3] |
Chierchia, G. Scalar lmplicatures, polarity phenomena, and the syntax/pragmatics interface[C] // Belletti, A. Structures and Beyond The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
|
| [4] |
Fauconnier, G. Pragmatic scales and logical structure[J]. Linguistic Inquiry, 1975, 6(3): 353−375.
|
| [5] |
Fox, D. & R. Katzir. On the characterization of alternatives[J]. Natural Language Semantics, 2011, (19): 87−107.
|
| [6] |
Gazdar, G. Pragmatics: Implicature, Presupposition, and Logical Form[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
|
| [7] |
Grice, P. Studies in the Way of Words[M]. Mass. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.
|
| [8] |
Huang, Shi-Zhe. Quantification and predication in Mandarin Chinese: A case study of Dou[D]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1996.
|
| [9] |
Huang, Yan. The Oxford Handbook of Pragmatics[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
|
| [10] |
Levinson, S. C. Presumptive Meanings[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.
|
| [11] |
Lin, Jo-Wang. Distributivity in Chinese and its implicature[J]. Natural Language Semantics, 1998, (6): 201−243.
|
| [12] |
Liu, Mingming. Varieties of alternatives: Mandarin focus particles[J]. Linguistics and Philosophy, 2017, 40(1): 61−95. doi: 10.1007/s10988-016-9199-y
|
| [13] |
Liu, Mingming. A pragmatic explanation of the mei-dou co-occurrence in Mandarin[J]. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 2021, (30): 277−316.
|
| [14] |
Rooth, M. Association with focus[D]. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, 1985.
|
| [15] |
Rooth, M. A theory of focus interpretation[J]. Natural Language Semantics, 1992, (1): 75−116.
|
| [16] |
Shyu, Shu-ing. (A)Symmetries between Mandarin Chinese lian.. dou and shenzhi[J]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 2004, 32(1): 81−128.
|
| [17] |
Shyu, Shu-ing. Minimizers and EVEN[J]. Linguistics, 2016, 54(6): 1355−1395. doi: 10.1515/ling-2016-0031
|
| [18] |
Tomioka, S. & Tsai, Yaping. Domain restriction for distributive quantification in mandarin Chinese[J]. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 2015, (14): 89−120.
|
| [19] |
Xiang, Ming. Plurality, maximality and scalar inferences: A case study of Mandarin Dou[J]. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 2008, (17): 227−245
|
| [20] |
Xiang, Yimei. Function alternations of the Mandarin particle dou: Distributor, free choice licensor, and “even”[J]. Journal of Semantics, 2020, 37(2): 171−217. doi: 10.1093/jos/ffz018
|
| [21] |
陈莉, 潘海华. 单调性与“都”的极项允准功能[J]. 外国语, 2020, 43(3): 14−24.
|
| [22] |
黄彩玉. “都”字歧义结构语音实验角度的再分析[J]. 语言研究, 2013, 33(3): 52−57.
|
| [23] |
黄瓒辉. 从集合到分配: “都”的语义演变探析[J]. 当代语言学, 2021, 23(1): 33−55.
|
| [24] |
蒋严. 语用推理与“都”的句法/语义特征[J]. 现代外语, 1998, (1): 10−30.
|
| [25] |
李可胜. “都”: 基于量级隐涵和焦点结构的统一解释[J]. 当代语言学, 2023, 25(4): 475−499.
|
| [26] |
刘丹青. 作为典型构式句的非典型“连”字句[J]. 语言教学与研究, 2005, (4): 1−12 .
|
| [27] |
刘丹青, 徐烈炯. 话题与背景、焦点及汉语“连”字句[J]. 中国语文, 1998, (4): 243−252.
|
| [28] |
刘经安, 李可胜. “都”的梯级隐含和复合命题[J]. 合肥师范学院学报, 2021, 39(2): 12−19.
|
| [29] |
吕叔湘等. 现代汉语八百词(增订本)[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1980/2001.
|
| [30] |
潘海华. 焦点, 三分结构与汉语“都”的语义解释[C] // 中国语文杂志社. 语法研究和探索(12). 北京: 商务印书馆, 2006.
|
| [31] |
屈承熹. Please, Let Topic and Focus in Peaceful Co-existence[C] // 徐烈炯, 刘丹青. 话题与焦点新论. 上海: 上海教育出版社, 2003.
|
| [32] |
沈家煊. 走出“都”的量化迷途: 向右不向左[J]. 中国语文, 2015, (6): 3−17.
|
| [33] |
吴义诚, 周永. “都”的显域和隐域[J]. 当代语言学, 2019, 21(2): 159−180.
|
| [34] |
徐烈炯. “都”是全称量词吗?[J]. 中国语文, 2014, (6): 498−507.
|
| [35] |
袁毓林. 反预期、递进关系和语用尺度的类型−“甚至”和“反而”的语义功能比较[J]. 当代语言学, 2008, 10(2): 109−121.
|
| [36] |
张天伟, 吴菡. 现代汉语省略结构中焦点副词的作用及其句法语义功能[J]. 外国语, 2021, 44(6): 23−43.
|
| [37] |
张宜生. 副词“都”的语法化与主观化−兼论“都”的表达功用和内部分类[J]. 徐州师范大学学报(哲社版), 2005, 31(1): 56−62.
|
| [38] |
詹卫东. 范围副词“都”的语义指向分析[J]. 汉语学报, 2004, (1): 74−84.
|
| [39] |
周韧. 向右无量化: “都”的性质再认识[J]. 中国语文, 2021, (3): 271−287.
|
| [40] |
周永, 吴义诚. “都”的事件关联性及其语义阐释[J]. 外国语, 2020, 43(3): 2−13.
|
Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co., Ltd. 
DownLoad: