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Translation is,and always has been,an important pathway for language development.Fostering language innovation is one of the great values of translation,but it is not easy to achieve language innovation in translation,for the introduction of neologisms and new expressions in translation is to meet with resistance from the target language.The more original they are,the greater resistance they encounter in translation.In order to maintain the possibility of language innovation while sustaining the impact of translation,we need to pay enough attention to the translation-resistance of literary language,refraining from "smoothing out" the qualities of the original language in the name of smoothness and fluency.And we also need to well understand and reconcile "translationese" and "linguistic foreigness",trying to preserve the heterogeneity in lexicon,syntax,narrative and other aspects of the original work,so as to help translation fulfil its mission of conveying differences,opening up space for language innovation,reproducing the literariness of the original work,and enriching the culture.
Translation studies as an academic discipline has long been focusing on interlingual translation theories and practices.However, with the ‘medial turn’ in its disciplinary development, which is characterized by multiple forms of texts and integrated ways of communication, translation studies are now faced with the challenge to account for meaning production and transmission in inter-or multi-semiotic translation practices.This article sets out to theorize multimodal translation studies in the context of ‘medial turn’, by giving its history and definition, specifying its types in a systematic manner, mapping its research scope, and introducing current research methodologies concerning multimodal translation studies.
The present article is concerned with the realization of engagement in the appraisal system from the perspective of lexis as the most delicate grammar.First, we study how we can look at engagement in the appraisal system from a grammatical perspective, focusing on the grammatical patterns and features realizing the engagement categories.Secondly, we study the patterns of grammar together with the lexis for the realization of engagement in the appraisal system and rate their degree of grammaticality and lexicality.Thirdly, we study how the different types of subcategories of engagement in the appraisal system are realized in lexicogrammar.Finally, we discuss how the lexicogrammatical patterns are related to the semantic categories of engagement in the appraisal.It is found that:1) the original theoretical model of the appraisal system was mainly designed according to position, so a voice system should be added.2) Lexis and grammar realizing engagement in the appraisal system form a continuum.3) The authorial voice is the dominant voice and the other voices are also selected by the author.4) The closer the position of engagement to the polarity, the stronger the monologicity, the closer is it to dialogic contraction, and the fewer the choices of both voice and position.It is hoped that the study may shed light on the relationship between lexicogrammar and discourse semantics in terms of engagement in the appraisal system, and make it easier for the identification of the related subcategories of engagement in the appraisal system.
This paper, focusing on translational context, the role of translational actants and translation strategies, tries to explain how The Three-Body Problem is well received in the U.S.It is demonstrated that the enhancement of China's international position, the flourishing of Chinese science fiction and the declining of American science fiction, combine to create a favorable environment for the journey of The Three-Body Problem to the States.The cultural and symbolic capital of the famed publisher and the translator is a propelling force for The Three-Body Problem's success.And the translator Ken Liu adopts a predominantly foreignizing translation strategy and also employs paratextual devices to achieve a pleasant reading experience for American readers.
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